The ICRP Computational Framework for Internal Dose Assessment for Reference Workers: Specific Absorbed Fractions
This report provides the technical basis for SAFs relevant to internalised radionuclide activity in the organs of the reference adult male and reference adult female as defined in Publications 89 and 110. SAFs are given for uniform distributions of monoenergetic photons, electrons, alpha particles, and fission-spectrum neutrons over a range of relevant energies. Electron SAFs include both their collision and radiative components of energy deposition. SAF data are matched to source and target organs of the biokinetic models of the OIR publication series. The document further outlines the computational methodology and nomenclature for assessment of internal dose in a manner consistent with that used for nuclear medicine applications. Numerical data for particle specific and energy dependent SAFs are given in electronic format for numerical coupling to the respiratory tract, alimentary tract, and systemic biokinetic models of the OIR publication series.
Radiological Protection from Cosmic Radiation in Aviation
In this publication, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) provides updated guidance on radiological protection from cosmic radiation in aviation, taking into account the current ICRP system of radiological protection, the latest available data on exposures in aviation, and experience gained worldwide in the management of exposures in aviation. The publication describes the origins of cosmic radiation, how it exposes passengers and aircraft crew, the basic radiological protection principles that apply to this existing exposure situation, and the available protective actions. For implementation of the optimisation principle, the Commission recommends a graded approach proportionate to the level of exposure that may be received by individuals. The objective is to keep the exposure of the most exposed individuals to a reasonable level. The Commission also recommends that information be disseminated to raise awareness about cosmic radiation, and to support informed decisions among concerned stakeholders.
Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection
This report provides a review of stem cells/progenitor cells and their responses to ionising radiation in relation to issues relevant to stochastic effects of radiation which form a major part of the ICRP system of radiological protection. Current information on stem cell characteristics, maintenance and renewal, evolution with age, location in stem cell "niches", radiosensitivity to acute and protracted exposures, is presented in a series of substantial reviews as Annexes concerning haematopoietic tissue, mammary gland, thyroid, digestive tract, lung, skin and bone. This foundation of knowledge of stem cells is used in the main text of the report to provide a biological insight to issues such as the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model, cancer risk among tissues, dose-rate effects and changes in the risk of radiation carcinogenesis by age at exposure and attained age.
Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals: a Compendium of Current Information Related to Frequently Used Substances
This report provides a compendium of current information relating to radiation dose to patients, including biokinetic models, biokinetic data, dose coefficients for organ and tissue absorbed doses, and effective dose for major radiopharmaceuticals based on ICRP radiation protection guidance. These data were compiled from ICRP Publications 53, 80, and 106 and related amendments and corrections. This report also includes new information for 82Rb-chloride, iodide (123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I) and 123I labelled 2ss-carbomethoxy 3ss-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane (FPCIT). The data presented in this report are intended for diagnostic nuclear medicine and not for therapeutic applications.
Radiological Protection in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
This publication aims to provide guidance on radiological protection in the new technology of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT is now used widely by specialists who have little or no training in radiological protection. This publication provides recommendations on radiation dose management directed at different stakeholders, and covers principles of radiological protection, training, and quality assurance aspects. As with previous ICRP publications, the Commission hopes that imaging professionals, medical physicists, and manufacturers will use the guidelines and recommendations provided in this publication for implementation of the Commission's principle of optimisation of protection of patients and medical workers, with the objective of keeping exposures as low as reasonably achievable, taking into account economic and societal factors, and consistent with achieving the necessary medical outcomes.