Madness is a sin. Those with emotional disabilities are shunned. Mental illness is not the church's problem.All three claims are wrong. In Madness, Heather H. Vacek traces the history of Protestant reactions to mental illness in America. She reveals how two distinct forces combined to thwart Christian care for the whole person. The professionalization of medicine worked to restrict the sphere of Christian authority to the private and spiritual realms, consigning healing and care-both physical and mental-to secular, medical specialists. Equally influential, a theological legacy that linked illness with sin deepened the social stigma surrounding people with a mental illness. The Protestant church, reluctant to engage sufferers lest it, too, be tainted by association, willingly abdicated care for people with a mental illness to secular professionals. While inattention formed the general rule, five historical exceptions to the pattern of benign neglect exemplify Protestant efforts to claim a distinctly Christian response. A close examination of the lives and work of colonial clergyman Cotton Mather, Revolutionary era physician Benjamin Rush, nineteenth-century activist Dorothea Dix, pastor and patient Anton Boisen, and psychiatrist Karl Menninger maps both the range and the progression of attentive Protestant care. Vacek chronicles Protestant attempts to make theological sense of sickness (Mather), to craft care as Christian vocation (Rush), to advocate for the helpless (Dix), to reclaim religious authority (Boisen), and to plead for people with a mental illness (Menninger). Vacek's historical narrative forms the basis for her theological reflection about contemporary Christian care of people with a mental illness and Christian understanding of mental illness. By demonstrating the gravity of what appeared-and failed to appear-on clerical and congregational agendas, Vacek explores how Christians should navigate the ever-shifting lines of cultural authority as they care for those who suffer.
Heather H. Vacek is Vice President, Dean, and Associate Professor of Church History at Moravian Theological Seminary and Lancaster Theological Seminary.
Introduction: Christianity and Mental Illness 1. Making Theological Sense out of Suffering, Sin, and Sickness: Cotton Mather 2. Christian Vocation and the Shape of the Secular Profession: Benjamin Rush 3. Advocating for the Helpless, Forgotten, and Insane: Dorothea Dix 4. Reclaiming Religious Authority in Medicine: Anton Boisen 5. A Passionate Plea to Engage Finds Lukewarm Reaction: Karl Menninger Conclusion: Suffering, Stigma, and Hospitality
Vacek has written a scholarly jeremiad in which she has weighed her co-religionists' responses to mental illness in the moral balance and found them wanting. The organization of the book highlights what she persuasively argues is a perennial gap between belief and practice in her faith community...The prose is clear, the documentation thorough, and her stance heartfelt." - Lawrence B. Goodheart, Bulletin of the History of Medicine "This timely and deeply moving study has garnered wide media attention. It shows how American Protestants have addressed and, more often, failed to address mental illness in their congregations." - The Christian Century "I recommend this book, and especially its final chapter, to pastors and church leaders who are seeking to reflect on and develop a congregation's ministry among people with mental illnesses, whether they be church members or strangers. It will also appeal to readers with an interest in the history of American mental health attitudes and practices, or, more generally, the history of Christian influences on American society." - Christine Guth, Anabaptist Disabilities Network "Vacek's book serves as an important reminder of how conceptions of mental illness and the structure of care for the mentally ill has a long and complicated history, shaped by everything from religious reformers, the emerging field of professionalized medicine, and the evolution of often grossly underfunded state institutions." - David Eagle, Sociology of Religion "In sum, Vacek combines top-notch historical inquiry with a concern for effective theological responses to mental suffering. She carefully contextualizes the lives of her subjects in relation to broad religious and medical trends, and her in-depth biographical studies facilitate insightful, comparative analysis. The book is accessible to a broad audience and represents an excellent addition to the growing scholarly literature addressing the intersection of religion, medicine, and healing." - Joseph Williams, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences "Madness is a fine accomplishment, weaving together a theological point with historical analysis." - Sean Cosgrove, Journal of Religious History "A text that will be read profitably both within the academic community and outside it." - Jeremy Bonner, Journal of Ecclesiastical History "Vacek has written an important text for professors of pastoral counseling/clinical pastoral education and students in divinity and theological schools to disentangle church history and understand what it is they believe about the role of churches and clergy in the accompaniment of people with mental disabilities." - Corrine C. Bertram, H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences "... Madness is a fascinating read and of particular interest to historians, mental healthcare practitioners, and those researching the intersection between medicine and religion." - E. Janet Warren, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith "We live in an era of ever more interest in religion and medicine, yet religious studies has produced remarkably few monographs on the relationship between religion and mental health. The historical breadth of Vacek's book offers a wide-angle lens on this relationship, tracing major shifts as well as detailing turns both disturbing and promising. Aware both of the importance of history and the variety of communities such studies might reach, Vacek offers a thoughtful starting point for future scholarship and engagement." - Philippa Koch, The Journal of Religion
