This book attempts to make a comparative analysis of the political process in four middle-sized American cities over the decade 1948-1957. By holding certain factors constant, explanations were sought for policy variations over this time span and in communities of similar size, ranging in population from 50,000 to 70,000. Naming their cities by means of the neutral symbols Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta, the authors embarked upon an extensive program of research involving reading back through the daily newspapers of each city over the ten-year period and conducting extensive interviews, principally among those individuals most likely to be conversant with the city's key issues. An examination of the relationship between policy, the policy process, and general community characteristics provided a focus for the analysis of the data. Running through the gamut of civic activities, the cities' responses were found to vary with respect to urban renewal, park systems, pay scales for city employees, inspection services, and sewage disposal systems. A typology of local political values was applied in terms of four factors: economic growth, provision of life's amenities (that is, comforts as well as necessities), maintenance of traditional services only, and arbitrating among conflicting interests. A framework was thus provided for developing a theory of political decisions at the local level. Four Cities is the result and embodiment of this intensive and highly competent study. Its concluding chapters suggest ways in which community characteristics and institutional arrangements are related to the divergent courses cities take to meet their administrative problems, and the descriptive data throughout the book serve to test various generalizations about local politics made in the literature of political science. Anyone interested in city government-whether as a political scientist, urban sociologist, government researcher, or simply as a taxpayer-will find this book useful and enlightening.
Oliver P. Williams was Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania. He is coeditor of Democracy in Urban America and Democracy in the Fifty States. He is coauthor of Suburban Differences and Metropolitan Policies, also published by the University of Pennsylvania Press. Charles R. Adrian was Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Riverside. He was the author of State and Local Governments: A Study in the Political Process, Governing Urban America, and Governing Our Fifty States and Their Communities.
PART I INTRODUCTION I The Study Approach II The Four Cities PART II THE POLITICAL PROCESS III Nonpartisanship: The Recruitment of Elective Officials IV Nonpartisanship: Electoral Patterns V Referendums VI The Main Street Merchants VII The Local Interests of Labor VIII The Neighborhoods PART III A TYPOLOGY OF CIVIC POLICIES IX Type One: Promoting Economic Growth X Type Two: Providing Life's Amenities XI Type Three: Maintenance of Traditional Services XII Type Four: Arbitration Among Conflicting Interests PART IV CONCLUSIONS XIII Community Differences and Policy Variations XIV Political Institutions and the Structure of Politics Appendixes Index
