For over half a century, Howard Gardner has studied the mind in its various shapes, forms, and operations, culminating in his best-known work, the theory of multiple intelligences. This volume compiles his most compelling essays on the conduct, contours, and complexity of the human mind. After introducing the thinkers who had the greatest influence on him, Gardner traces the multiple aspects of mind that he has illuminated: the development of cognition, notably in the arts; the breakdown of cognition under condition of brain damage; a probing examination of human cognition at its highest levels, including creativity, leadership, artistry, and "good work" (work that is excellent, engaging, and ethical) in the professions; and, most recently, our extraordinary synthesizing capacities as human beings. This fascinating book captures in one place the long and compelling arc of a major scholar's contribution to understanding intelligence, thinking, and the development of the range of cognitive strengths. Book Features: Presents Howard Gardner's essential essays on mind over the course of his long and distinguished career. Traces the influences on Gardner's own thinking, among them psychologists Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner, philosophers Susanne Langer and Nelson Goodman, neurologist Norman Geschwind, and anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss. Shows how an understanding of human cognitive capacities and processes manifests itself in several domains, such as artistry, leadership, creativity, and excellence in the professions.
Howard Gardner, best known for his theory of multiple intelligences, is the Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Among his numerous honors, Gardner received a MacArthur Prize Fellowship, the Grawemeyer Prize in Education, a fellowship from the John S. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Prince of Asturias Award in the Social Sciences, and the American Educational Research Association's Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award. His books include The Essential Howard Gardner on Education.
Contents Acknowledgments ?xi Introduction ?1 Influences 1. ?Jean Piaget: The Psychologist as Renaissance Man ?7 The Philosopher's Shadow ?9 2. ?Jerome Seymour Bruner: Cognitive Psychology Enters the Educational Arena ?10 References ?14 3. ?Project Zero: Nelson Goodman's Legacy in Arts Education ?15 What of Goodman's Legacy to Project Zero? ?20 References ?21 4. ?Norman Geschwind as a Creative Scientist ?22 References ?25 Early Work 5. ?Piaget and Levi-Strauss: The Quest for Mind ?29 References ?41 6. ?From Mode to Symbol: Thoughts on the Genesis of the Arts ?42 References ?50 7. ?Note on Selective Imitation by a 6-Week-Old Infant ?53 Judith Gardner and Howard Gardner Reference ?54 8. ?Children's Sensitivity to Painting Styles ?55 Developmental Psychology 9. ?Style Sensitivity in Children ?59 Style Detection in the Adult ?63 Problems ?66 Relation to Cognition ?67 References ?68 10. ?The Development of Metaphoric Understanding ?69 Ellen Winner, Anne K. Rosenstiel, and Howard Gardner Reference ?71 11. ?First Intimations of Artistry ?72 Howard Gardner and Ellen Winner The Enigma of Early Artistic Production ?72 Early Metaphors ?74 First Drawings ?78 Patterns of Development in Literary and Graphic Realms ?81 Portraying the Skills of the Young Child: A First Draft of Artistry ?82 Two Facets of Artistry ?86 References ?88 12. ?Developmental Psychology After Piaget: An Approach in Terms of Symbolization ?89 Introduction: The Piagetian Enterprise ?89 Critiques of the Piagetian Enterprise ?90 Symbolization: A Starting Point ?92 Relation to Other Lines of Inquiry ?95 References ?97 Introduction to the Study of Brain Damage 13. ?The Contribution of Operativity to Naming Capacity ?103 Abstract ?103 Discussion ?103 14. ?Bee but Not Be: Oral Reading of Single Words in Aphasia and Alexia ?105 Abstract ?105 Findings ?106 Reference ?107 15. ?The Comprehension of Metaphor in Brain-Damaged Patients ?108 Ellen Winner and Howard Gardner Discussion ?110 In Sum ?111 Acknowledgment ?112 Reference ?112 16. ?The Stories of the Right Hemisphere: Missing the Point ?113 The Stories of the Right Hemisphere ?113 Introduction to Multiple Intelligences 17. ?In a Nutshell ?121 What Constitutes an Intelligence? ?123 The Original Set of Intelligences ?124 Newly Identified Intelligences ?130 The Unique Contributions of the Theory ?132 Conclusion ?134 References ?134 18. ?A "Smart" Lexicon ?135 References ?137 19. ?Artistic Intelligences ?138 Reference ?142 20. ?Who Owns Intelligence? ?143 References ?151 Cognition 21. ?Definition and Scope of Cognitive Science ?155 22. ?Scientific Psychology: Should We Bury It or Praise It? ?157 The Emerging Disciplinary Topography ?159 The Surviving Center ?160 Whither Psychologists? ?162 References ?163 Heights of Cognition: Creativity 23. ?Seven Creators of the Modern Era ?167 The Problem ?167 Two Promising Approaches ?168 A Preliminary Definition ?169 A Research Program ?170 Where Is Creativity? ?171 The Person ?173 The Domain ?173 The Field ?174 Tensions Across Nodes ?174 Developmental Perspective ?175 Features That Characterize Creative Individuals ?176 References ?178 24. ?Creativity: The View From Big C and the Introduction of Tiny c ?179 Howard Gardner and Emily Weinstein Background ?179 The Twenty-First Century: Three Challenges ?181 Emily ?182 Toward "Tiny c" ?184 References ?186 Leadership 25. ?Leadership: An Overview ?189 What Is a Leader? ?189 A Study of Leaders ?191 The Intelligences of a Leader ?192 Leaders Take Risks, Defy Authority ?193 Leaders Try and Fail . . . and Then Try Again, Quite Possibly With a Different Tack ?194 A Leader and Authenticity ?195 Indirect Leaders: Creative Minds ?196 Three Lessons ?197 Defeat Is an Opportunity ?198 Reference ?198 26. ?On Good Leadership: Reflections on Leading Minds After Three Decades ?199 An Approach to Good Leadership ?200 Reference ?201 27. ?Changing Minds: 80/20 and Five Rs ?202 Mental Representations: The 80/20 Principle ?202 1. Reason ?205 2. Research ?205 3. Resonance ?205 By the Way: Rhetoric ?206 4. Representational Redescriptions (Redescriptions for Short) ?206 5. Resources and Rewards ?206 6. Real-World Events ?207 7. Resistances ?207 References ?208 Positive Uses of Mind: Introduction to Good Work 28. ?Tanner Lecture #1: What Is Good Work? ?213 References ?224 29. ?Tanner Lecture #2: Achieving Good Work in Turbulent Times ?225 References ?234 The Professions 30. ?Compromised Work ?237 31. ?The Lonely Profession ?248 With Laura Horn Evidence of Professional Identity ?249 Professional Stance ?250 Why Don't They Identify With Philanthropy? ?253 Lonely Work ?257 32. ?In Defense of Disinterestedness in the Digital Era ?262 Terminology ?264 The Difference That a Half-Century Can Make ?268 Enter the Digital Media ?269 References ?276 33. ?The Future of the Professions ?277 Autobiographical Reflection ?277 Introducing the Susskinds ?279 A Question of Values ?281 References ?282 Minds of the Future 34. ?Five Minds for the Future: An Introduction ?285 Disciplined ?287 Synthesizing ?288 Creating ?288 Respectful and Ethical ?289 Education in the Large ?290 Reference ?290 35. ?Musings About a Synthesizing Mind ?291 An Aside ?294 References ?295 36. ?Some Further Reflections on the Synthesizing Mind ?296 References ?306 37. ?Why the App Generation? ?307 Howard Gardner and Katie Davis Enter Apps ?308 References ?310 Miscellanea 38. ?Human Potential: A Forty-Year Saga ?313 References ?319 39. ?Had I but World Enough and Time ?320 The Synthesizing Mind ?320 Good Work: The Ethical Perspective ?321 Intelligences ?322 Education From the Cradle on . . . in the Anthropocene ?323 Gratitude ?323 Original Publication List ?325 Index ?329 Permissions ?337 About the Author ?339
